Stress responses of Indian major carps cultured in the East Kolkata Wetland, West Bengal, India

Fish are continuously exposed to multiple environmental stressors that work cumulatively and synergistically. This study assessed the stress responses of Indian major carps (IMCs) cultured in a sewage-fed pond (SP) East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), India compared with normal situ. The experiment was conducted two farms Labeo rohita, Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala for seven months, covering summer winter periods. Serum biomarkers primary (cortisol) secondary (glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate (AST) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) responses, oxidative (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were quantified using standard kits. health status evaluated as tertiary response. biological oxygen demand, hardness, dissolved solids, ammonia phosphate levels both ponds exhibited marked variations. SP had significantly low haemoglobin high serum glucose, ALT, AST LDH levels. SOD cortisol comparatively carps. temperature significant effect on cortisol, SOD, ALT AST. Carps degree ectoparasitic infestation during winter. creatinine increasing suggested these indices, which more pronounced EKW conjunction temperature, could be useful stress, kidney liver functioning carps, respectively.